Once these task sequences or paths. Many questions need you to calculate Float. Total Float: LS – ES = 17-7 = 10. To calculate Free Float for any task, follow these steps: First Step in Planning a Project: Define the Critical Path: First, identify the critical path for your project. FFE = EE(j) - EFT = 31 - 25 = 6 Three other types of float were considered/calculated6: - Independent Float (IF): The amount of scheduling flexibility available on the activity without displacing any other activity (before or after). The significance of independent float is that. If any activity on the critical path is delayed, the completion of the project will be delayed by an equal amount. Currently, as indicated on the company’s balance sheet, its total outstanding common shares number 500,000 (50,000 of which are held by the CEO and CFO of the company) while 80,000 shares are held in treasury. Assemble two-tier bridge. The longest path through the network is the critical path. You can use Late Start or Late Finish. You can calculate the free float by subtracting the Early Finish Date of the activity from the Early Start Date of the next activity. Total float represents the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the overall project duration and is also called “float” or “slack”. To get accurate, real-time results, it's best to use project management software that calculates everything automatically. and complete a financial statement audit by an independent auditor who is required to consider ICFR in the performance of that audit. Total float = 25 – 16. ADM float Calculations In an Activity on Arrow network, the computers calculate data for both the events at the end of the arrows and the activity itself (the arrow). Float, sometimes called Slack (float) , is the amount of time an activity, network path, or project can be delayed from the early start without changing the completion date of the project. Check out for more free engineering tutorials and math lessons!Project Management Tutorial: Determine Total Float & Free Float (. 8. Latest Finish Time is the latest time at. Step 2 – Identification of independent paths. Independent float calculator uses Independent Float = Early Finish Time - Late Start Time - Activity Time to calculate the Independent Float, Independent float is that portion of the total float within which an activity can be delayed for start without affecting the float of the preceding activities. There are four types of float or slack that you can calculate using a network diagram: total float, free float, project float, and independent float. . 5 (41%) Gross margin reduced by 3% How can I analyse my production costs to. The early start date is the soonest date that you can possibly begin working on a task. Even a worst case set, I suspect would iterate the binary width of the float signicand, about 23 times. How to calculate Independent Float using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Independent Float, enter Early Finish Time (EFT), Late Start Time (LST) & Activity Time (t activity) and hit the calculate button. Activity 2 is on the critical path so it will have a float of zero. ADM float Calculations In an Activity on Arrow network, the computers calculate data for both the events at the end of the arrows and the activity itself (the arrow). Note: In case negative value is. Once a network has been drafted, it must be analysed. '. Free float is a measure of a task's flexibility and how much it can be delayed without affecting other tasks. Activity 5 has a float of 14 - 9, which is 5. Solution: 1. It is the path with the greatest total. To say, “Lag and Lead is float,” simply confuses the issue. Fig. Hence, the total float is the excess of the maximum available time throughout the time of the activity. The Independent Float is the most restricted float and thus the (only) one genuinely owned by the activity and its owner. Figure 9-23. Before 1957 float only had one meaning now it has several. As you can see, a task's total and free float can be different. Total Float is the total amount of time a task can be delayed and still keep the project on schedule, while Free Float is the amount of time a task can be delayed without impacting other tasks in the project. Android Pixel Calculator. Based on the public float calculation, a new SRC revenue test and other requirements, a company can initially qualify as a:. The effect of the free float calculation is to "push" the total float associated with a chain of successive non-critical activities onto the last activity in the chain. Earned Value Management (EVM) SV = EV – PV. Annual revenue in its most recent audited financial statements available on the initial public float calculation date (as described above in 5110. Nov. Free Float = ES of successor activity. In metrology, measurement uncertainty is the expression of the statistical dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity. Link gaps are keys in GPM calculations, as all floats and drifts originate at. During the calculation you define the early and late event times. To calculate a task’s total float, simply take the difference between the. Calculate critical path, project float, early start dates, and late start dates. Amount of time a project can be delayed without impacting an imposed deadline. Slack or float time for an activity is the difference between its early start and early finish, or the difference between its late start and late finish. In this work we apply MF-DFA method to compare multifractal behavior of various exchange rates during the periods of managed and independent float regimes. . Here is how the Independent Float used in CPM calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0. g. A critical. Seasoning the eggs, however, has a lot of float. The height of an empty string is set to the same value as that of the default font. We calculate the multifractal spectra and estimate the complexity parameters from four degree polynomial fit. Author (s): P. Let us understand. Step 4 – Calculate Float. Concept: Independent float is the time by which starting or finishing of an activity can be delayed without affecting the total float of its proceeding and succeeding activity. unpack('!f', bytes. Floating-point numbers, meanwhile, can be thought of as decimal point numbers, such. You can calculate the free float by subtracting the Early Finish Date of the activity from the Early Start Date of the next activity. Both of these formulas will give you the task’s total float. b) Free float It is defined by assuming that all. In order to identify the critical path, we need to calculate the activity float for each activity. In this note, we present a correct version of the formula. Three other types of float were considered/calculated 5: - Independent Float (IF): The amount of scheduling flexibility available on the activity without displacing any other activity (before or after). 4 Activity Float and Schedules. The importance of calculating Total Float and Free Float are found it the definitions of these terms. Alternately, you can subtract the task’s earliest start (ES) date from its latest start (LS) date, like this: LS - ES = total float. Please watch: "PSU through GATE 2018 by Mech Zone" of slack and float, total float, fre. Establish the earliest finish (EF) date. It provides a complete and in-depth explanation of different types of floats using examples, calculations and diagrams. SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS. 3 Activity Start and Finish Times 6. Follow. Critical_Activity: It is the activity with zero floats. 1. It counts the number of decisions in the given program code. These can actually be calculated with a simple formula. Rotameter flow meters are devices that can measure the flowrate of liquids and gases. Fill in the appropriate boxes per the legend (ES, EF, LS & LF). Identifying Critical ActivitiesIndependent float is the amount of delay which can be assigned to any one activity without delaying subsequent activities or restricting the scheduling of preceding activities. Publisher (s): Pearson India. With free float available for an activity, a project manager knows that the float can be used without changes the status of any non-critical activity to become critical. 4. Total Float = LF – EF. The float calculations for the sample schedule are shown. Activity: The_activity represents the task. So in this case for activity F, ES = 2+1 = 3 and EF = 3+3-1 = 5. Thus, floats represent following two points: Under-utilized resources; Flexibility of an activity. It does not affect start of succeeding activity i. It is computed using the Control Flow Graph of the program. Continue Reading. Here is how the Independent Float calculation can be explained with given input values -> 3. For example having 6 days available to do 4 days worth of work. e. 4). It does not affect start of succeeding activity i. Excess of minimum available time over. Total Float can be calculated by using either of the following formulas: TF = LF – EF OR TF = LS – ES Both the formulas will produce same result. Determine the critical path. Calculate the task's total float. There is an advantage to float when the program manipulates a lot of numbers, because then you can save memory and, in some cases, take advantage of vector instructions that can perform. 5%) of the Fixed. 11 Manual and. The calculation of TF is either: - LFT - EFT - or more universally correct, LFT - EST - Dur +1. fromhex(hex_string)) where hex_string is the input hexadecimal value. We calculate the multifractal spectra and estimate the complexity parameters from four degree polynomial fit. The challenge, in some projects, is calculating the ES and LF dates. Total Float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the overall project duration and is also called “float” or “slack”. The origins of scheduling and consequently float is discussed in two papers: - A Brief History of Scheduling1. Capture the second falling edge and add the difference between the value. The result is a data frame, which can be easily added to a plot using the ggpubr R package. Next, choose the latest possible date ( LST) the project can start. 1E-5 = 3974400-1641600-1728000. WebMarket research has already indicated the volume expected and the size of sales force required. 9. Calculate the forces in members AC, AD, and DE for the loaded truss. Solution: 1. Step 2: Elaborate the network diagram. The critical path of the. Step 6: Calculate the total float (TF) or slack for each activity or task, which is the difference between the LF and EF or between the LS and ES. How to identify the critical path and calculate the total float free float and independent float from a network diagramCalculation of safe float use in risk-analysis-oriented network scheduling. 4 x πr2h for the radius r of the pipe's circular base and height h as. 2. Free and independent float. Convert the number of days to dates making the correct adjustments for start of workdays and end of workdays. Calculate a linear least-squares regression for two sets of measurements. In this short video I demonstrate how to draw a network diagram, find the critical path, and determine the project duration on a small example. Others may simply state the Float, and then ask you to interpret it. Classic Float Paths: Single-Calendar, Unconstrained, Org by TF (Crit~TF≤0) The first near-critical path is comprised of activities D, G, and H, with total float = 3 days (d). Start with the critical path, beginning at the last activity’s late finish. Calculate the 'Total Float. Make a list of all the activities of the project along with their dependencies and their specific times. Both of these formulas produce the same result. Total Float = LF – EF. In project management, the measure of the amount of time that a task can be delayed without impacting the project’s overall completion date is known as Float. LECTURE 4. In Python, you can use struct. This video explains how to calculate; total float, free float and independent float. 71 A project has the following activities: Activity Duration (Days) 1-2 2 1-3 4 1-4 3 2-5 1 3-5. Image transcription text2. Data & Analytics. Also Lag and Lead is float. g. Total float is 0 on the critical path. Slack of Event given Independent Float calculator uses Slack of an Event = Free Float - Independent Float to calculate the Slack of an Event, The Slack of Event given Independent Float formula is defined as the amount of time it can be delayed without affecting the project schedule, considering independent float. The reason there are two types of float is because a delayed task is probably not a concern if the next task is able to “absorb” the delay. Here is how the Free Float calculation can be explained with given input values -> 8. Thus, independent float can be calculated as under: Independent Float = Total Float – Tail Event Slack. Extensions of the proposed formula to other floats such as safety float and interference float are also. ISBN: 9781259666100. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations ¶. 10. 6) have type float. Ei, and Li for i and Ej, and Lj for j, Now . Step 1: Find Activities. Let’s consider that you determined the critical path of the project and let’s assume that the near critical path was 32 days and the critical path was 33 days. 7 Independent Float 6. Float is an additional time available to complete an activity beyond the activity’s work duration. With our tool, you need to enter the respective value for Early Start. Calculate Total Float. 4. Free float, on the other hand, is calculated by subtracting the task’s earliest finish date from its earliest start date. It is recommended to consult with professionals or engineers to consider these. 5 C. Start Float = Late Start - Early Start. 29K views 10 months ago OPERATIONS RESEARCH. This formula (px to dp): dp = (int) (px / (displayMetrics. If the current value is the result of a calculation, it must be a single-value, view-independent calculation. 4 Critical Activities 6. The initial width given to the layout. The linear equation algorithm was implemented and used to solve several 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 matrices on the D-Wave quantum annealer. Float for the fifth path = 31 – 16 = 15 days. The most well-known IEEE754 floating-point format ( single-precision, or "32-bit") is used in almost all modern computer applications. Floating-point numbers are represented using the same offset binary representation as was used for the division problems. Andrew, Lag and Lead [what most people call negative lag] are inputs to a PDM model; Floats are computed outputs. Calculate the Float; It illustrates how much extra time could be added to the task without impacting other activities or the project's deadline for completion. Measure the water in milliliters. Learn morePerform a t-test in R using the following functions : t_test () [rstatix package]: a wrapper around the R base function t. H,I constitute. 19. Screen density is grouped as low, medium, high, and extra high. 2. 2, 4, 20) have type int, the ones with a fractional part (e. Don’t forget to check. To do floor division and get an integer result you can use the // operator; to calculate the remainder you can use %: >>> 17 / 3 # classic division. We use cookies to improve your experience on our site and to show you relevant advertising. Examples of Float. Free float, on the other hand, is calculated by subtracting the task’s earliest finish date from its earliest start date. This can be calculated by using the formula: LF – EF = total float. Early Finish Time is the earliest point in time when the scheduled activity can complete. However, in more complex projects. The integer numbers (e. 2b), which would be the most recent fiscal year for which audited financial statements are included in the initial registration statement. Step 2: Elaborate the network diagram. Relation among float TF ≥ FF ≥ IF. How to calculate Independent Float used in CPM using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Independent Float used in CPM, enter Free Float (FF0) & Slack of an Event (S) and hit the calculate button. The formula above is also valid as TF=LST-EST and is represented as TF0 = LFT-EFT or Total Float = Latest Finish Time-Earliest Finish Time. The critical path is the path through the network that results in the latest completion date of the project. 0, 1. On the Critical path, total, free, and independent float are all equal and zero. Draw a network diagram of activities for the project. PERT chart for a project with five milestones (10 through 50) and six activities (A through F). the total float of the activities following it. Here is how the Independent Float used in CPM calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0. So 1 minus 1 equals 0, 6 minus 6 equals 0, but 11 minus 6 gives us 5 – so we have a little. Parameters: x, yarray_like. Match List-I (Description of activity floats) with List-II (Names of the floats) and select the correct answer using the codes given the lists: List-I A. It does not directly account for factors like wind forces or wave action, which can impact the overall stability and design of the dock. (a) Draw an arrow diagram for the project. You can obtain this equation as a result of a derivation of the buoyant force. Solution: Evaluate and modify the conflicts between constraint and relationships. By looking at some reference I found them to be: Finish Float = Late Finish - Early Finish. Any delay to an activity on this critical path will lead to a delay in the completion of the whole project. 10. If you want to know the buoyant force on an object, you only need to determine the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Total float is calculated using either the LS and ES values or the LF and EF values. The Total Float is measured as the difference between the early start and late start dates (LS – ES) or late finish and early finish dates (LF – EF). 73. Calculate the weight of the buoy as follows: 2 ft-cubed x 15 pounds / ft-cubed = 30 pounds. Free Float: The amount that a task can move without affecting other tasks. Independent Float (IF) It is amount of free float time which can be used without affecting. We find that in most analyzed cases after the transition from a. edwin croisant info uit smt172 library. SPI = EV / PV. There are a couple of ways to calculate free and total float. Alternately,. S&P Dow Jones Indices: S&P Float Adjustment Methodology 6 Calculation of Investable Weight Factors For each stock an Investable Weight Factor (IWF) is calculated: IWF = (available float shares)/(total shares outstanding) (1) where available float shares are defined as total shares outstanding less shares held by strategic holders. The requirement of masons for each of the activity has been show above the arrows in the network diagram. Independent Float: Relax or delay provided to any activity without affecting the Earliest Start Time (EST) of successor activity as well as Latest Finish Time (LFT) of the predecessor activity. We find that in most analyzed cases after the transition from a. Density is a characteristic property of a substance and doesn’t depend on the amount of substance. 6 Free Float 6. The conversion from physical pixels to DIPs uses the following formula. Type: FLOAT. Calculations 5. 8 Time Scale Network 6. As with free float, total float is within the critical path. Simply we can say that Free Float is the amount of time that an activity can be delayed without delaying the “Early Start” date of its successor. densityDpi / 160)); does not work on small devices because it is divided by zero. We have identified the critical path and the duration of the. Total Float. The two most common formulae to calculate float are: Float = LS – ES; Float = LF – EF; If the float is positive, it indicates some flexibility is available; delaying a specific activity therefore won't delay the project's overall completion time. Define "negative float" Obtained by having a fixed project start date and a fixed project finish date, where the finish date is set at a time earlier than would be calculated by the forward pass. To use this online calculator for Total Float, enter Late Finish Time (LFT), Early Start Time (EST) & Activity Time (tactivity) and hit the calculate button. 1-2 1-3 1-5 2-3 2-4 3-4 3-5 3-6 4-6 5-6 8 7 12 4 10. If only x is given (and y=None ), then it must be a two-dimensional array where one dimension has length 2. Total Float = LS – ES. 2. Please note that Total Float is zero on the. It is the difference between the latest finish time of the activity in question and the earliest starting time of the following activity or zero, whichever is larger. This pixel area measurement is referred to as dpi (dots per inch). An assembly is to be made from two parts X and Y. By browsing this website, you agree to our use of cookies. Smallest of Start Float and Finish Float, which is the most critical float value By default, Primavera P6 will calculate float using Finish Float = Late Finish – Early Finish . Based on project management perspective, TF is. Please note that if two activities converge into a single activity, only one of these two activities may have a free float. Next, choose the latest possible date ( LST) the project can start. This is how we can track the slack time. You use this this calculator to simulate the potential odds and exact float values of the output skins of a trade-up contract. Annual revenues of less than $100 million and either no public float or a public float of. A typical 55-gallon plastic drum can provide approximately 1,375 to 2,750 pounds of buoyancy when used as a float for a floating dock. 31) shows that in order to calculate the total float, it is necessary to carry out the forward and backward pass. close. Different than TF which is calculated at the path level, FF is calculated at the activity level. This is a test for the null hypothesis that 2 independent samples have identical average (expected) values. Independent float is the maximum delay possible for an activity which used floats of preceding activity, but we will not affect the float of succeeding activity. a) Total float. In contrast, the total float is a measure of a task's flexibility and how much it can be delayed without affecting the overall completion date of the project. 10 determination of float & slack in cpm network calculations. Budget 2024 Revenue: 8,769. Interpret and report the t-test. Independent float: This kind of float defines the amount of time you can put off completing a task before it affects the early start of dependent projects. 1". Here is how the Free Float given Indenpendent Float calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0. Critical Path Analysis Complete Project Schedule Network Diagram Step – 8 : Calculate Free. the issues of the existence of pseudo start and end events independent of the activity duration remain; refer Figure 3. There are three different types of float, each with a different physical interpretation: Total float: The amount of time a task can be delayed without delaying the. Concept: Independent float is the time by which starting or finishing of an activity can be delayed without affecting the total float of its proceeding and succeeding activity. Independent Float: Obtained by deducting the Late start plus the activity duration from the Early Finish. In this work we apply MF-DFA method to compare multifractal behavior of various exchange rates during the periods of managed and independent float regimes. You should now be able to see the slack time ( ST) for the project. Deriving Buoyancy. 000208 = 1036800+518400 . c) Independent float. To use this online calculator for Free Float given Indenpendent Float, enter Independent Float (IF 0) & Slack of an Event (S) and hit the calculate button. - Independent activity. All the following formulas along with the full form of their abbreviations are listed in the downloadable cheat sheet. These two fractions have identical values, the. Independent float (INDF) The INDF is the maximum period you can delay an activity without affecting the subsequent task's earliest start date. Independent float (INDF). a traditional CPM calculation, four types of float can be calculated: total float (TF), free float (FF), interfering float (INTF) and independent float (INDF). If you run out of dry pennies, you may need to use paper towels or a rag to dry some, or wait until they have dried. Both of these formulas produce the same result. The calculation of Total Float in a PDM network is contained within the activity and is basically the same as for an ADM activity. It does not affect latest completion of preceding activity. Quantitative Techniques: Theory and Problems adopts a fresh and novel approach to the study of quantitative techniques, and provides a comprehensive coverage of the subject. Spearman's correlation coefficient = covariance (rank (X), rank (Y)) / (stdv (rank (X)) * stdv (rank (Y))) A linear relationship between the variables is not assumed, although a monotonic relationship is assumed. Many questions need you to calculate Float. Author: Worrell, William A. The report and qualifications of the independent. Now it's time to calculate the density of your produce. The use of total and free float is. Calculation: Slack = latest finish time – Earliest finish time. Output of Calculations 5. Calculate Early Start, Early Finish, Late Start, and Late Finish. Forward Pass Computation. This chapter discusses the common arithmetical methods for calculating the two main types of float (total and free) and the early and late starts and finishes, and finding the critical path (or paths). 23. The consumption of the Independent Float does not affect the surrounding activities’ dates in any possible way. 5, 2020 • 0 likes • 614 views. By definition: Total Float (TF) = the maximum amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the entire project. Short Interest as a Percentage of Float is a popular metric used to gauge the sentiment or “crowdedness” of short trading in a particular security and the possibility of a future short squeeze. As an example, try "0. Spread the loveTo convert a hexadecimal value to a floating-point number, you can use language-specific functions or methods. If an activity is completed 2 days earlier in the critical path during execution, your near critical path can be the new PMP critical path of the project. LS (Late Start) – ES (Early Start) or LF (Late, Finish) – EF (Early Finish) Download the excel sheet : PDM METHOD. Density is a measure of how heavy something is compared to its size. Check out for more free engineering tutorials and math lessons! Project Management Tutorial: Determine Total. Imagine a buoy made of cork floating on water. The critical path method (CPM) is a project management technique that’s used by project managers to create an accurate project schedule. Independent Float: It is the minimum. PROJECT FLOAT. g. Step One. Extensions of the proposed formula to other floats such as safety float and interference float are also. You see that your calculated critical path activities on the schedule network diagram will take 22 days. Total Float • Total Float is the amount of time an activity can delay but not delay the termination of the project • TFi = LSj – ESi. Download to read offline. CALCULATION OF EARLIEST START TIME, LATEST FINISH TIME AND FLOATS Problem 6. You’d say the Free Float has the same characteristics on this matter. This makes working with them quick and efficient and is recommended wherever applicable to use them in all possible calculations. Here is how the Free Float calculation can be explained with given input values -> 8. (day) ( Notations carry usual meaning) Activity F. Independent Float = free float – tail event slack. 1E-5 =. Free Slack: The amount of time a task can delay without delaying the deadline of succeeding tasks is called free slack. To calculate total float, subtract the task’s earliest finish (EF) date from its latest finish (LF) date. Calculate the T-test for the means of two independent samples of scores. You can select input skins from the left pane. float and it's type ,total float, independent float, free float with example | project managementspecial lecture series| project management and planning#Self. The Free Float given Indenpendent Float formula is defined as the time available for an activity while considering dependencies, minus independent float, representing schedule flexibility and is represented as FF 0 = IF 0 + S or Free Float = Independent Float + Slack of an Event. The float represents how much activity can be delayed without affecting the project completion time. Network activities and duration times . P6 have several options to calculate Total Float, obviously they can be different at any time, otherwise there would be no need for different formulas. Then using the slack time formula, calculate the float time. Steps to be followed: The following steps should be followed for computing Cyclomatic complexity and test cases design. Step 2: Calculate late start of this activity as the late finish minus activity duration plus 1. Company A is a publicly traded company with 1,000,000 shares authorized. ADM—The Intuitive Method 6. We begin by creating UDFs for both the free float and total float, as shown in Figure 2. The Total Float in CPM formula is defined as the time span by which the starting or finishing time can be delayed without delaying or affecting the overall project. Float for the fourth path = 31 – 13 = 18 days. Total Float, Free Float and Independent Float explained with examples. Total Float Free Float Independent Float Time Scale Network Adding Complexity Original versus Remaining Durations Percent Complete Defined Subtasks and Check-off Updating Calendar versus Work Period Conventions Multiple Starting and Ending Activities Artificial Constraints to Dates Negative FloatFree float is often associated with activities NOT on the critical path. Total float is how long an activity can be delayed, without delaying the project completion date. These bits are split between Byte 2 and Byte 3. Independent float calculator uses Independent Float = Early Finish Time - Late Start Time - Activity Time to calculate the Independent Float, Independent float is that portion of the total float within which an activity can be delayed for start without affecting the float of the preceding activities. These variables simply represent the earliest and latest times that an activity can start and finish. A typical 55-gallon plastic drum can provide approximately 1,375 to 2,750 pounds of buoyancy when used as a float for a floating dock. The tools used to calculate critical path are forward pass, backward pass, and fl oat calculation. Andrew, Lag and Lead [what most people call negative lag] are inputs to a PDM model; Floats are computed outputs. ALL ABOUT CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM)…7. Time available for an activity performance minus the duration of the activity C. subsequent tasks (“free float”). 000139 = 1555200-518400. FF = EF - ES FF = EF − ES. Critical path, Total float, Free float, Independent float : Activity i-j, Name of Activity, Duration Example-1 online We use cookies to improve your experience on our site and to show you relevant advertising. An entity is a smaller reporting company if it has a public float (the aggregate market value of the issuer’s outstanding voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates) of less than $250 million; or. '. Link gaps are keys in GPM calculations, as all floats and drifts originate at the gap level. If you know the weight of water in pounds-per-cubic-foot on the pipe, you can write the force it exerts on the pipe by multiplying it by the volume of the pipe as 62. Independent float: the float if predecessors finish at their latest, and successors start at the earliest. 4×10 38 (both positive and negative). You can use Late Start or Late Finish. The reason there are two types of float is because a delayed task is probably not a concern if the next task is able to “absorb” the delay. This is a mathematical name for an increasing or decreasing relationship between the two variables. Place the train on the track. 68 billion float and 16. Download Solution PDF.